Философия и интеллект

We use symmetry considerations to understand and unravel near-field measurements, ultimately showing that we can spatially map three distinct fields using only two detectors. As an example, we create 2D field maps of the outof- plane magnetic field and two in-plane fields for a silicon ridge waveguide. Furthermore, we are able to identify and remove polarization mixing of less than 1?30 of our experimental signals. Since symmetries are prevalent in nanophotonic structures and their near-fields, our method can have an impact on many future near-field measurements

CHORUS Deliverable 2.1: State of the Art on Multimedia Search Engines

Based on the information provided by European projects and national initiatives related to multimedia search as well as domains experts that participated in the CHORUS Think-thanks and workshops, this document reports on the state of the art related to multimedia content search from, a technical, and socio-economic perspective. The technical perspective includes an up to date view on content based indexing and retrieval technologies, multimedia search in the context of mobile devices and peer-to-peer networks, and an overview of current evaluation and benchmark inititiatives to measure the performance of multimedia search engines. From a socio-economic perspective we inventorize the impact and legal consequences of these technical advances and point out future directions of research

CHORUS Deliverable 2.2: Second report - identification of multi-disciplinary key issues for gap analysis toward EU multimedia search engines roadmap

After addressing the state-of-the-art during the first year of Chorus and establishing the existing landscape in multimedia search engines, we have identified and analyzed gaps within European research effort during our second year. In this period we focused on three directions, notably technological issues, user-centred issues and use-cases and socio- economic and legal aspects. These were assessed by two central studies: firstly, a concerted vision of functional breakdown of generic multimedia search engine, and secondly, a representative use-cases descriptions with the related discussion on requirement for technological challenges. Both studies have been carried out in cooperation and consultation with the community at large through EC concertation meetings (multimedia search engines cluster), several meetings with our Think-Tank, presentations in international conferences, and surveys addressed to EU projects coordinators as well as National initiatives coordinators. Based on the obtained feedback we identified two types of gaps, namely core technological gaps that involve research challenges, and “enablers”, which are not necessarily technical research challenges, but have impact on innovation progress. New socio-economic trends are presented as well as emerging legal challenges

Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with schizophrenia and 5098 control subjects via the enhancing neuro Imaging genetics through meta analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium

BACKGROUND: The profile of cortical neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia is not fully understood, despite hundreds of published structural brain imaging studies. This study presents the first meta-analysis of cortical thickness and surface area abnormalities in schizophrenia conducted by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Schizophrenia Working Group. METHODS: The study included data from 4474 individuals with schizophrenia (mean age, 32.3 years; range, 11-78 years; 66% male) and 5098 healthy volunteers (mean age, 32.8 years; range, 10-87 years; 53% male) assessed with standardized methods at 39 centers worldwide. RESULTS: Compared with healthy volunteers, individuals with schizophrenia have widespread thinner cortex (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.530/-0.516) and smaller surface area (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.251/-0.254), with the largest effect sizes for both in frontal and temporal lobe regions. Regional group differences in cortical thickness remained significant when statistically controlling for global cortical thickness, suggesting regional specificity. In contrast, effects for cortical surface area appear global. Case-control, negative, cortical thickness effect sizes were two to three times larger in individuals receiving antipsychotic medication relative to unmedicated individuals. Negative correlations between age and bilateral temporal pole thickness were stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in healthy volunteers. Regional cortical thickness showed significant negative correlations with normalized medication dose, symptom severity, and duration of illness and positive correlations with age at onset. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the ENIGMA meta-analysis approach can achieve robust findings in clinical neuroscience studies; also, medication effects should be taken into account in future genetic association studies of cortical thickness in schizophrenia

Towards Personalised Search: EU Data Protection Law and its Implications for Media Pluralism.

At present, we are witnessing a growing trend towards search engine personalisation. First, search engines increasingly enable users to tailor their search experience to their liking and needs. Second, by logging the users' search behaviour and building user profiles, search engine operators are working on improving their ability to automatically generate relevant and personalised hits for each individual user. Ideally, this means that your search engine will soon provide you with highly personalised search results. Personalisation gives rise to two separate policy and legal issues. First, to what extent are the search engines' logging activities in line with EU data protection law, and, second, what is the consequence of search engine personalisation as regards media concentration and media pluralism? This paper argues that these two questions are in fact intertwined, and considers the key role of EU data protection law in furthering media pluralism, in an age of increased personalisation of search.JRC.J.4-Information Societ

The legal regulation of communications bottlenecks in European digital television ; Boris Rotenberg

Defence date: 17 May 2005Examining board: Prof. Bruno De Witte (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Rachael Craufurd Smith, University of Edinburgh ; Prof. Roberto Mastroianni, Università Federico II di Napoli ; Prof. Hans Ullrich, European University InstitutePDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 201

The Legal Regulation of Software Interoperability in the EU

Abstract: The primary aim of this paper is to point to the need for a European debate on the tension between the fundamental right to freedom of expression and the fundamental right to property in European software regulation. The analysis reveals that the analogous application of existing fundamental rights case law of the European Court of Human Rights as in Chassagnou and Appleby would probably unduly favour private property rights in software over other individual and societal interests in the form of software expression. Courts will need more guidance to find the right balance, in view of the unique nature of software, particularly so with regard to the foundational concept of software interoperability.European law; media; networks; standardisation; fundamental/human rights

Search Engines for Audio-Visual Content: Copyright Law and its Policy Relevance

The first generation of search engines caused relatively few legal problems in terms of copyright. They merely retrieved text data from the web and displayed short text-snippets in reply to a specific user query. Over time, search engines have become efficient retrieval tools, which have shifted from a reactive response mode ('user pull') to pro-actively proposing options ('user push'). Moreover, they will soon be organising and categorising of all sorts of audio-visual in-formation. Due to these transformations, search engines are becom-ing fully-fledged information portals, rivalling traditional media. This will cause tensions with traditional media and content owners. As premium audiovisual content is generally more costly to produce and commercially more valuable than text-based content, one may expect copyright litigation problems to arise in the future. Given this perspective, this article briefly introduces search engine technology and business rationale and then summarizes the nature of current copyright litigation. The copyright debate is then put in the audio-visual context with a view to discussing elements for future policies.JRC.DDG.J.4-Information Societ